Sculpture is three-dimensional objects of human work that specifically recognized as a work of art. The person who creates sculptures is called a sculptor. The purpose of creation statue is to produce works of art that can last as long as possible. Hence, the statue is usually made using a durable material and often expensive, especially bronze and stone such as marble, limestone and granite. Sometimes, though very rarely, used also precious materials such as gold, silver, jade, and ivory. Materials that are more common and less expensive used to aim beyond, including wood, ceramics, and metals.
In the past the statue used as an idol, a symbol of God or a god that is worshiped. But along with the rational way of thinking humans, then the statue no longer be used as an idol but only as a mere work of art. This phenomenon occurs in statues idolatrous religions or beliefs polytheism as in Arabia before the advent of divine religions.
can not be separated from the purpose of the creation of the statue. Based on the purpose of making the statue there are six kinds, namely:
- Religious statue, as a means of worship or religious meaning.
- Monumental sculpture, to commemorate a person, group, or event
historic. - Architectural sculpture, the statue that participate actively serves in building construction.
- Sculpture decorations, is a statue to decorate the building or beautifying the environment (planting or room)
- Sculpture art, sculpture created means to enjoy the beauty of its shape.
- sculpture crafts, namely sculpture works of craft.
- concrete is a composite building material made from a combination of aggregate and cement binder.
- Glass is a material clear and transparent (opaque) that is usually derived from a mixture of silicon or silicon dioxide materials (SiO2), which is chemically similar to quartz.
- Latex is a viscous sap, often milky, produced lots of herbs and freeze when exposed to air.
- Loam or clay is a common word for the basic skeleton silicate mineral particles with a diameter of less than 4 micrometers.
- Polymer clay (English: polymer clay) is a material that can be formed are made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymer.
- Marble is a crystalline rock rough derived from limestone or dolomite.
Asia
Various types of sculpture found in many different regions in Asia, usually influenced by Hinduism and Buddhism. A large number of Hindu statues in Cambodia preserved at Angkor, however organized looting that occurred a major impact on many heritage sites in the country. See also Angkor Wat. In Thailand, most devoted to the shape of Buddha statues. In Indonesia, the sculptures are influenced by Hinduism were encountered on the site Prambanan and various places on the island of Bali. While the influence of Buddhism found in Borobudur temple site.
In India, the sculpture was first found in the Indus Valley civilization (3300-1700) SM. It is one of the earliest examples of sculpture in the world. Then, after Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism developed further, India created sculptures of bronze, and carved stone with a large degree of complexity, as well as on the ornaments Hindu temples, Jain and Buddhist.
Artifacts found in China dating from circa 10,000 BC. Most Chinese sculpture on display in the museum come from several historical periods, the Zhou Dynasty (1066-221 BC) produces various types of printing bronze vessels with elaborate decoration. Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC) is famous for its statue of the soldiers made of terracota. Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220AD) with statues of figures are impressive strength. The first Buddha statue found in the Three Kingdoms period (third century). Which is regarded as the golden age of China is the period of the Tang Dynasty, during the civil war, sculptures decorative figures were made in large quantities and exported to fund the war. Then, after the end of the Ming Dynasty (late 17th century) almost no statues in the collection of the museum, a lot more in the form of jewelery, precious stones, or pottery - and the fanfare of the 20th century there was no work is recognized as a sculpture, even when that there is a school statue is patterned social realist Soviet influence in the early decades of the communist regime, and at the turn of the century, the craftsmen China began to dominate the genre sculptures commercial (sculpture figure miniature, toy, etc.) and artists of the vanguard of China began to participate in the contemporary art Europe America ,
In Japan, sculpture and painting are innumerable, often under government sponsorship. Most Japanese sculpture is associated with religion, and along with the reduced role of the Buddhist tradition, the type of use of the material is also reduced. During the Kofun period (third century), clay sculpture called Haniwa established outside the tomb. Inside the condo that is in the Horyu-ji there is a Shaka Trinity (623), a statue of Buddha in the form of two bodhisattva well as sculptures called The King's Guards Four Directions. Wood sculpture (9th century) portrait of Shakyamuni, one form of the Buddha, which adorned the secondary building at the Muro-ji, is typical of the statue of the early Heian period, with a heavy body, wrapped in the folds of drapery thick sculpted style hompa-shiki (waves rolling ), as well as facial expressions that seem serious and withdrawn. Kei school of sculpture, creating a new style and more realistic sculptures.
Africa
Fine art in Africa has an emphasis on sculpture. African artists tend to favor three-dimensional works in comparison with two-dimensional. Although anthropologists found the statue originally known in Africa comes from the Nok culture in Nigeria around the year 500 BC, the works of African art Pharaonic (associated with ancient Egypt), period of time earlier than the period Nok. Metal sculpture that came from the eastern part of western Africa, such as Benin, regarded as the best ever produced.
Sculpture created and symbolized reflect the place of origin where the statue was made. Based on the materials and techniques used and its function, sculptures vary from one region to another.
In West Africa the figure statues have elongated bodies, angular shapes, and facial features that represent an ideal form more than the individual. The figures are used in religious rituals and often surface is coated materials through ritual offerings. Contrary to this is a sculpture created by the inhabitants of the Mande-speaking West Africa. Statue of their works made of wood has a wide and flat surface while the arms and legs shaped like a cylinder.
In Central Africa, including his trademark heart-shaped face inward as well as patterns of circles and dots. Although some groups prefer the creation of a face with geometric and angular shapes. The materials used are wood, the most widely used, ivory, bone, stone, clay and metal. Central African region has a striking sculpture style that can easily be identified from where the statue was made.
One type of three-dimensional works created in the East African region is the statue of the pole. The pole was carved in human form and decorated with geometric shapes, while the peak was carved with figures of people, animals or other objects. This pole placed near the tomb and is associated with death.
Sculpture clay figure of the oldest known in South Africa comes from the year 400 to 600 AD and has a cylindrical-shaped head. Figures of clay has the appearance of both man and beast. In addition there is also a clay sculpture of wooden headrests that were buried along with their owners in the tomb. Headrests in the form of geometric shapes or animal figure.
Egypt
Works of art of ancient Egyptian sculpture was developed to represent the gods of ancient Egypt, also the pharaohs, in physical form. The rules are very strict follow when creating a sculpture; statues of men made darker than female statues; in sculpture sitting position, hands should be put on the knee and certain rules in describing the gods. Artistic Rating based on conformity with the rules, and these rules are strictly followed for thousands of years, so the appearance of the statue has not changed much except for a brief period during the reign of Akhenaten and Nefertiti, allowed naturalistic depiction.
Europe
Classical Greek Roman
The art of classical sculpture Europe refers to the sculpture of ancient Greece, ancient Roman and civilization Hellenization and Romanization or their influence from about 500 BC until the fall of Rome in the year 476 AD, the term classical sculpture is also used for modern sculpture made with classic style , European classical sculptures can be characterized as follows:
- Full Figured body: the form of athletic young male or female nude.
- Portrait: showing signs of age, or a strong character.
- Costume and attributes of classical deities
- Concerned with naturalism based on observation, often wearing real models.
Gothic period
The chain that connects art, in this case is the architecture, medieval Europe (Gothic) with the art of Roman architecture called the Romanesque period. Early Gothic sculpture artworks are from the influence of Christianity, as well as the birth of the walls of churches and monasteries. The statue is located in Chartres Cathedral (around th, 1145) in France an early age gothic sculptures. In Germany, there is in Bamberg Cathedral of the year 1225. In the UK, sculpture is limited to that used on gravestones and decorations non figure (this partly due Cistercian iconoclasm). In Italy, still influenced forms of classical times, such as those in the pulpit Baptistery in Pisa and Siena.
Renaissance
In Renaissance, the sculpture also revived, in some cases even earlier than the other works of art. One of the key figures in this era are Donatello, the bronze sculpture, David (not to be confused with its David of Michelangelo). This is the work of early Renaissance sculpture. Likewise with Michelangelo that besides making the statue of David, also made the Pietà. Statue of David of Michelangelo is an example of kontraposto style in depicting the human figure. Still there are some periods of the renaissance era to modernism influenced by changes in the political, cultural movement or something else, namely the period of Mannerism, baroque and neo-classical.
Modernism
Auguste Rodin is one of the famous European sculptors of the early 20th century he is often referred to as a sculpture artist Impressionists. Classic modern sculpture is less interested in naturalism, the details of anatomy or costume and more interested in stylized form, as well as in the rhythm of volume and space. Over the years, the style of classic modern sculpture was later adopted by two totalitarian rulers of Europe: Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. While in other European region, this force turned into decorative / art deco (Paul Manship, Carl Milles), abstract stylization (Henry Moore, Alberto Giacometti) or more expressive. The modernist movement in works of sculpture to produce works of Cubism, Futurism, Minimalism, Installation and Pop art.
Contemporary Art Sculpture
In the current era where contemporary art began to grow rapidly, the statue could be a kind of 'performance art'. For example, in some places such as China, Japan, Canada, Sweden and Russia held an ice sculpture festival held regularly. The term is used for the sculpture kinetic sculpture designed to be able to move. Some of the artists who create works of kinetic sculptures are: Marcel Duchamp, Alexander Calder, George Rickey and Andy Warhol.
Sculptor Indonesia
- Dolorosa Sinaga
- Edhi Sunarso
- Gregorius Sidharta
- I Nyoman Nuarta
The island is home to hundreds of giant stone statues is regarded as the world's most mysterious island. The presence of the giant stone statues that surround the island very wowed the tourists, archaeologists, and scientists. However, behind its beauty, Easter Island more mystery.
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