and color tone can be expressed through sound and rhythm while the tempo is expressed through applause, foot and dance beats. But the creative minds that have creativity, people began to look for other solutions which will result in more sound by making a music instrument. The existence of a relationship of interdependence between the musician and the instrument, over the course of time, musicians improve and develop the technique of playing their music instruments and try something new and better music instruments to show their talents. A music instrument is a highly influential element that can generate and modify a feel of music itself.
Some tools music has a strong aesthetic appeal, which is derived from the basic material or function of the music instrument itself, even when you're not playing though. Not infrequently some music instrument that created a special or limited edition, made with the level of difficulty and the beauty of high art, which can appeal to everyone to try to touch even though not musicians though. Those who play a music instrument can be so tied when their emotions are conveyed through the music flow out through the music instrument.
A. Guitar
Broad appeal of the guitar as an instrument of the people has pushed this instrument most prominent role in pop and rock music. This instrument has a long history. Although the guitar belonging to classical music instrument, the guitar is hardly present in the orchestra, but is more often used in the solo repertoire.
1. Understanding Guitar
The guitar is one of the tools of music that comes from the sound source or strings are plucked strings (also called chordophone music instrument) and has a sound hole that serves as an air resonance. This guitar is often called the classical guitar (nylon-string guitar) or acoustic (stringed instrument made of iron nickel alloy or steel). In the modern era, this music instrument undergone various developments and modifications because of the need for guitar playing techniques are increasingly innovative and needs a more varied sound, it creates an electric guitar that has a component loudspeakers (pick up). (Electric Guitar by A. errie, Page: 9-2009)
2. History of Guitar
The word "guitar" or "guitar" in English, was originally named after the ancient stringed instrument in the Persian region in about 1500 BC, known as citar or sehtar. This instrument is then developed into a variety of models of ancient guitar known as a generic term tanbur. In the year 300 BC the Persian tanbur developed by the Greeks and six centuries later by the Romans (Bellow, 1970: 54-55). 476M In this instrument brought by the Romans to Spain and transformed into: (1) guitarra Morisca melody that serves as a carrier, and (2) Guitarra Latina to play a chord.Guitar authenticity can not be seen from antiquity. Some experts feel this tool comes from the African continent, where many modern replicas in the form of a round box as shells with Gut / silk yarn, in many regions of the continent. Other experts find this tool in the form of glass in an old stone relief relief in the days of Ancient Central Asia and Asia. Materials other thoughts also arise with the discovery of ancient Greek vases patterned vase. Greek Strings is the first tool may be categorized as a guitar. Modern guitar possibility stems from the Spanish guitar, but different types of guitar-like instrument instrument we can see the painting in Medieval times and Renaiassance that is widely available across Europe
2.1 Development of guitar in Eastern Region
Entrusted that the guitar comes from the eastern hemisphere in. There, the archeolog find instruments and objects are concerned with it as a benchmark in the world of origin is not so well known guitar. Among the historical objects found in Babylon, the most relevant is Plaques made of clay (1900-1800 B.C.), which are shown in the figure of the nude figures playing musical instruments instrument.Some of the instruments that have a common denominator instrument similar to a guitar. Further analysis proved that there is a difference between the body and the neck. The back of the guitar is very flat; where the back of the guitar is attached to the chest of a priest. This is enough to prove that there is no possibility of such instrument shaped Bowl-Shaped / bowl. It is clear that the right hand plucked string / rope strap. Unfortunately the number of strings the strings are not visible. But in other Plaques there are at least two strings. Evidence - evidence of intsrumen - instrument that resembles a guitar has been seen; Syria, Susa (an ancient city in the northern Persian Gulf: capital of the Persian empire).
2.2 Egypt and Rome
At first one - the only stringed instrument music in Egypt is a harp-shaped arc / Bow-Shaped. Some time later, the instrument has a neck marked with frets, and may be made of silk yarn / Gut suspended dileher. Eventually some parts and characteristics will become an instrument related to the guitar and all instruments stringed instrument having a neck, with a method of picking and lowered her head. Subsequent developments make this instrument more to match the shape of a guitar.Instruments instruments from Roman times (30 B.C - 40 A.D) all made of wood that were previously made of goat skin. This instrument has 5 parts earpiece is small. This characteristic feature is valid until the 16th century Coptic dikuburan An instrument invented in Egypt, which are shown in the basic form of the guitar, there are grooves indentation deep enough in the curve beside the curve with the back of a very flat. Front and rear surfaces held together by pieces of wood pieces that form the side of the instrument. This characteristic can be found until now.
2.3 Mid-Century in Europe
The first European stringed instruments began in the 3rd century A.D. Analysis of the 3rd century to prove that this instrument has a round sound box that connects to the neck width. This type of instrument used to continue long term. There are also descriptions of other instruments began in the Carolingian Dynasty which probably came from France or Germany. Instruments of this Carolingian rectangular, approximately has the same length as the neck, the tip of his neck slightly flared and has a small string string fastener / Small Pegs. In another illustration, this instrument has the instrument 4 and 5 Pegs Pegs other diinstrumen. Number of strings and plucked the strings simultaneously by two ways: By using a finger or Plectrum / picker tool strings. The Carolingian instrument does not change until the 14th century.· Guitarra Latina and Guitarra MorescaThere is a difference between Guitarra Latina and Guitarra Morisca. Morisca word brought by the people of Arab descent. Voice box oval shaped and has a lot of earpiece. At a time trip through Egypt, mostly from Africa and Spain spread the main characteristic feature of this guitar design to the instrument makers of instruments in Western Europe. The same possibility is that the first Spanish guitar is made in Europe. Only definite that the Arab influence in Spain is the beginning of the emergence of the guitar. The Guitarra Latina had curved sides, which are expected to come to Spain from several countries in Europe. The form of the type that developed into the modern guitar.Achieving success guitar has something to do with the nature of the nature of the nomadic tribes Troubadours. On the way past the guitar towards Catalonia Spain through tribal Troubadours. Spare part Troubadours Europe held tours and performances, as well as enrich the musical culture is widely and provide a major influence in spreading the guitar in this continent.
2.4 Century - 16
Until the mid-century information important information about the guitar and genealogy has been depicted in the figures and images in relief relief. It becomes a belief on the fact that no direct and unavoidable. Beginning in the 16th century, the form of the instrument's current instruments are facts straight. Guitar guitar in the 16th century The Vihuela distributed as of the time of Luis Milan, Rizzio Guitar Guitarra Battente of French and Italian.
Vihuela
The Vihuela comes from Spain, where this instrument is a small 4 Vihuela united and stringed 5 Guitarra. comes from Spain, where this instrument is a small 4 Vihuela united and stringed 5 Guitarra. At the same time there arose a new tool that is Lute. The instrument favored by the nobility in almost all over Europe. Spain is a notable exception. Lute has also become one with the people of Arab descent who determine the rules of its own rules. For such nobility feel insulted that such instruments are also used by the settlers. Then the nobility popularize Guitarra same with 4 strings / Double-Strings. Along with its development, a guitar with four strings was enlarged and given the same 6 strings / Double-Strings. The same rules of the game and with the exception of strings to three, the tone of his fell by half. One is the famous vihuela player Luis Milan, was born in 1500. In 1535 Luis Milan published a book entitled Libro de Musica de vihuela de Mano Intitulalo "El Maestro". This book is an important work for Milan. The latest data Vihuela in 1700 representing the end stage development instruments. This instrument made of carved metal, vihuela has a curvature along the deep end and oval-shaped sound hole. Fame these instruments is proof of the quantity of music that still exist. Written in tablatur this instrument, each line representing the strings and the tablatur Spain and Italy, the top string representing the deepest strings. While in England and France strings strings Vihuelanya on tablatur, its value not show any kinds of notes and is located on the top row. Miscellaneous notes are similar to the existing notes at this time. First published work tablatur Vihuela Spain by Luis de Milan in 1535, Luis de Narvaez in 1538, Alonso de Mudarra 1546. tablatur collection consists of the composition of the best instruments in the Renaissance in the 16th century, the golden age of Spanish vihuela music. (In Music History Illustration by: Marsha Tambunan, Page 171 -172. 2004).
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| Contoh Tablature Vihuela |
1. Guitar 4 Strings
4-string guitar is derived from Egyptian areas one of which came from Europe and undergone many changes in shape and varied; stringed 3, 4 and 5 strings. Stringed guitar is the most popular until the late Middle Ages. 4 guitar strings in Italy have a tone of G, C, E, A. And unlike in Spain notation tone is G, D, F #, B
2. Guitar 5 Strings
Mid-Zaman, existence-string 3, 4, and 5 simultaneously began to appear. In the 15th century, stringed instrument with four double-strings skyrocketed in popularity. 5 guitar strings are double-strings which first discovered in an engraving in Italy. Designations and types of guitar strings 5 are Guitarra Battente which has a characteristic curved rear exit. Tuning for this instrument is A, D, G, B, E.
2.5 Century - 17
King Louis XIV of France can play the guitar and admit guitar as his favorite instrument. His teacher is one of the famous French guitar player; Robert de Visee (1650-1725). Jean Baptiste Lully was a famous composer at the time. He plays the guitar and compose music for the instrument.
The names of the guitar players in the Baroque period in France has been recorded in history, for example Rene Voboam that represent the peak of French instrument making in the 17th century He made the guitar in 1641 that showed a more guitar building beronamen. Alexandre Voboam and his son Jean also made a nuanced guitar 17th century.
2.6 Effect In GermanyIn Northern Europe precisely in Germany, the guitar reached the peak of its popularity; Heinrich Schutz (1585-1672), Samuel Scheidt (1587-1654) and Johann Hermann Schein (1586-1630). Examples of a German first guitar that still exists to this day made by Jacobus Stadler in 1624. He has a distinctive arches and rear plain and also shows the influence of great Italian design. A 17th century guitars made by a priest, John of Apsom has a very different design from the other guitar. The back of the guitar is decorated with a picture of a picture "Crucifixion".European guitar makers the most prominent are Joachim Tielke of Hamburg (1641-1719). Homemade guitars decorated by materials ivory, tortoise shell, ebony, gold and silver, mother-of-pearl, wood jarcanda. Her work always with the highest quality and consistent. The side there is the work that he made of ivory with carved images of Genesis.
2.7 Effect In Eastern Europe
In Czechoslovakia, the Czech 'Luthier' attempt to adapt to the type Battente guitar. In addition to the five double-strings like a guitar Battente original, Czech guitar there is one additional single-string that is used to play the 'Melodic Line'. Guitar guitars made by ANDREES Ott, an expert instrument maker from Prague show the influence of Italy. While the history of the guitar Poland was represented by Jakob Kremberg, poet, singer, and composer from Warsaw. The importance of the work Kremberg also provide us with important information about tuning the guitar, is one tone lower than the tuning of the instrument instrument today.
2.8 Spain and Portugal
One of the prominent guitarist at the time was Francisco Corbera. He dedicates his work named Guitarra y sus differencias de SONOS to Philip IV, king of Spain from 1621 to 1665. But the most prominent French guitarist in the 17th century was Gasper Sanz. studied guitar in Italy and also organ and music history. She became an organizer in the King's Chaples in Naples. By the time he returned to Spain, he published three books about guitar music in 1674, 1675 and 1697. This book contains the teachings of the extensive teaching in improvisation and performance, using two methods of play: Strumming and Plucking. He believes strumming technique is suitable for dance music. Tuning used are A, D, G, B, E.
2.9 Effect In Italy
The main factor that popularized the guitar in Italy and enriching the guitar literature is the introduction of style stringed guitar from Spain. Because the guitar in Italy is also known as chitaria Spagnuola. Style inherited from the stringed vihuela technique adapted by the Spaniards for their guitars. Chitaria Spagnuola is a technique common in the 17th century and the use of "Spanish Guitar" continues to this day as the continued use of the 17th century Two guitar playing technique is very different in technique and Plucking and strumming exist simultaneously in Italy in the 17th century quotation technique is expressed in the form of notation tablatur. Strumming of Chords dedicated by a special notation developed by composers Italian composers of the 16th century and the 17th century.
Century 2:10 - 18
In the 18th century, the increase in the amount equal to the amount guitarist composer. As some famous composers at the time, among others; Johann Arnold (1773-1806), Friedrich Baumbach (1753-1813), and Johann ChristianFranz (1762-1814). The most important aspect of guitar music in Germany in this century using a variation of the guitar in a combination of "ensemble". Example; Guitar and Flute, guitar and bass, guitar, violin and bass. One composer is Trille Labarre, he composed compositions for solo guitar, guitar and violin, guitar and singing. Other composers; Antonie Lemoine (1763-1877) a "Virtuoso" famous compose and play the violin. B. Vidal plays a role as a performer, teacher and composer. He wrote Nouvelle Methode.
3. 6-string
6 stringed guitar is an innovation that comes from the 18th century. The guitar comes from Italy and is a favorite and very popular. The reason the reason is:
1. Battente of Italy, which emerged in the late 17th century and in the early 18th century, transformed into 6 strings. Wherein each of the strings there are two strings (double-strings).
2. In 1732, J.B.F.K Majer creating tuning on the guitar strings 6.
3. 6-string coming from Germany, made by Otto, was made based on the method Italy.
Century 2:11 - 19
In the early mid-19th century, a new interest for this instrument centered in the city of Vienna. Vienna city itself became the center of musical instruments and musicians from all over Europe. Pertujukan performances these musicians gave the initial impetus which the guitar becomes a serious instrument. As Mauro Giuliani (1780-1840) who menginisiatifkan trend tour guitar for guitarists. Then guitarist Fernando Sor's famous Spanish origin in the Romantic era Spain and one of them as well as the first guitarist invited by London Pihlharmonic Society.
2:12 of the 20th century
Is the century in which we bear witness to the development of unexpected guitar as an instrument of artistic drastic for expression. As well as the only one that welcomes century guitar concert stage. There are two basic reasons guitar fame:
1. Diakari by a phenomenon found in the 20th century development of revolutionary technologies and the development of mass media communication and faster transportation and efficient aspects of its aspects are visible. Radio, TV, the recording industry, satellite communications, transport jets have helped to demonstrate these instruments globally. Musicians can hold concerts around the world in a short time. They can reach a large audience numbering audience, not only the audience but also the audience the concert stage at home to watch on television, listen on the radio and via tape recordings (LPs, cassettes and CDs), also via the internet. The composer, performer or listener, creating many opportunities to instill interest in playing the guitar.
2. Although not as dramatic as before does not mean insignificant. This is an extension, a natural consequent of the development that has taken place centuries earlier century. 19th Century be remembered as the century in which Francisco Tarrega (1852-1909) brought the technique of guitar on a point of pure art, which has been ready to welcome the arrival of modern techniques. The famous guitar makers like Luthier Antonio Torres (1817-1892) developed an instrument with little variation to this day capable of being recognized as a guitar. Even this important event has realized the importance of the role of 20th century guitar.
3. Type Guitars
The usefulness of the guitar amplifier is not used at this time. Amplification was introduced to the guitar "Dobro" / Resonator guitar Dopyera started by brothers, Slovak immigrants in America. They found the material innovation on the guitar when the guitar is made from metal and metal plates add (Pie Plate) with a certain thickness it will increase the resonance sound 2 times greater and 2 times louder voice. These types of guitars are manufactured to be played with orchestra music and became very popular in the 1920s and 1930s among the Blues and Jazz musicians.
Then during World War 2 basic ingredients guitar "Dobro" was changed to wood, to replace the metal material that is very expensive, only resonatornya are still using a metal material.
Along with its development, the guitar continues to experience a lot of innovation in accordance with the demands of the user. But musicians Country, Blues, and Jazz began to create various types of Tone and Sound that can be produced by the guitar of techniques such as Bend, Sustain and others. Variations of sound is also encouraging the development of Rock and Roll music that arose in the 1950s.
Guitar roughly divided into two types: Acoustic Guitar and Guitar Electrik.
3.1 Acoustic Guitar
The acoustic guitar is a guitar which kind of sounds produced from a guitar string vibrations that flowed through the saddle and the bridge where the strings binder into the sound space. The voice on the sound space that will resonate against the wood of the guitar body. The type and quality of the wood and the type of strings used will affect the sound produced by an acoustic guitar. The acoustic guitar has a hollow body portion (hollow body) and can produce relatively loud sound without reinforcement electrically. Resonance hole generally in the form of a circle located in the center of the guitar body. But according the times and the aesthetic demands of the resonance hole not only circular, but can also be calligraphy as introduced by CC Guitar with Calligraphy Series which took the kanji characters (China, Japan).
3.2 Elektric Guitar
Electric guitar or electric guitar was originally designed by guitar maker, lover of electronics and appliances manufacturers musik.Inovator Les Paul guitars adapted hollow bodied instruments using tungsten pickups, guitar type is being produced by the Electro String Instrument Corporation in 1932. Their first design created by Harry Watson, an expert who worked at the Electro String new Company.Gitar was named "Rickenbacker" by the company and be the first of its kind. The first documentation of performances with an electric guitar was in 1932 by a guitarist and bandleader Gage Brewer. Brewew publish his new instrument in an article in the Wichita Beacon on 2 October 1932 and continued to perform in the month.
The first recording with an electric guitar made by players like Andy Iola Hawaiian Style in early 1933. Alvino Rey is the artist who brought this instrument to a wider audience in a large orchestral setting, then developed with pedal steel guitar to Gibson Ediie Durham introduced spanish electric guitar to a young man named Charlie Christian who made the instrument famous in his career and is generally known as the first electric guitar and also exerted great influence in jazz music until the next decade. The first recording electric guitar spanish is in Dallas September 1939, in a session by Roy Newman and His Boys band Western Swing. The guitarist Jim Boyd wear electric guitar throughout the recording three songs, one of them "Corrine, Corrina". Early on guitar manufacturers include: Rickenbacker in 1932, Dobro 1933, National, Audio Vox and Volu-Ton in 1934, Vega, Epiphone and Gibson in 1936, and more since 1936.
Version of the instrument's most recognizable today is Solid Bodied Electric Guitar electric guitar berbodi or solid, made of solid wood with no air space in the body. Rickenbacker offers an electric guitar with an aluminum mold, nicknamed The Frying Pan or The Pancake Guitar. Developed in 1931 and began production in 1932 spring season, this guitar produces a sound that is modern and aggressive. Companies Audio Vox made and may already offer a solid body guitar in the middle of 1930. A more solid guitar designed by a musician and inventor Les Paul in early 1940, he worked part-time in the Epiphone Guitar. Log Guitarnya guitar has been patented and is often regarded as the first of its kind.
Guitar Solid Body (solid body)
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| Hollow Body guitar (the guitar body has air cavities such as acoustic guitar) |
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