The music genre is a musical grouping according to similarity to one another. Music can also be grouped according to other criteria, such as geography. A genre can be defined by the techniques of music, style, context, and musical themes. In general, music is grouped according to their purposes, which can be grouped in three major domains, namely Art Music, Popular Music and Traditional Music.
B. Popular Music
Popular music is a kind of music which is currently favored by the common people. This type of music is the music that corresponds to the state of the current era, so appropriate in the ears of most people. Some musical genres that include Popular Music is Pop, Funk, Jazz, Blues, Rock, Gospel, Underground, and others. This musical genre can be found in almost all parts of the world because of the nature of the music could almost be acceptable to everyone.
C. The early history of Blues.
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| W.C Handy, when young |
Blues evolved from informal performances leading to the formal performance hall (theater) and nightclubs, such as the Cotton Club, jug joint and bars along Beale Street (Beale Street), Memphis. Record companies began recording blues music at the time, such as American Records Corporation, Paramount Recods and Recods Okay. The growing plant records, blues increasingly recognized and gave birth to a lot of blues artists like Bo Carter, Blind Lemon Jefferson, Lonnie Johnson, Tampa Red and Blind Blake.
Blues sheet (scores) which was first published works Hart Wand "Dallas Blues" in 1912, WC Handy "The Memphis Blues" in the same year. The recording was first performed by African American singer, song "Mamie Smith" in 1920 is a rendition (recycling) on the work of Perry Bradford "Crazy Blues".
Documenting the history of blues music was minimal, due to the occurrence of racist and discrimination in American masarakat that time, including dilingkaran academics, as well as the level of literacy of blacks were so low that period. Writing documentation blues music started in Southern Texas and Deep South in the early 20th century late
Charles Peabody mentioned the appearance of blues music at Clarksdale, Mississippi in southern Texas around the year 1901-1902, it is reinforced by a report from the Gate Thomas (both claimed to hear the same song is displayed at the event). Observation history of blues were also obtained and considered of information the other party, as claimed by Jelly Roll Morton, who stated that he heard the blues song first played in New Orleans in 1902, Ma Rainey hear the blues first time in Missouri, WC Handy heard in Tutwiler , Mississippi in 1903.
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| Howard W. Odum |
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| US farm worker first period (Field Holler) |
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| Ring Shout, moving in a circle singing |
In 1900's, the style of blues performances that used to play in the group have already started heading to the individual performances. Although currently blues individual players also have band accompaniment, but the focus of the show actually exists on the individual players, usually the guitar or playing a musical instrument as a singer. The guitar is very dominant in the game of blues music, in addition to the harmonica.
D. Types of Blues music.
- Delta blues, blues style game comes from the Mississippi and grew into Tennessee, Vickburg and Yazoo River. The dominant musical instrument commonly used, guitar, harmonica, Cigar Box Guitar. One of the originators of delta blues is Charlie Patton. Other musicians include Robert Lockwood Jr., Robert Johnson.
- Piedmont blues, also known as East Coast Blues popular in the 1920s. Finger Style game style, the game in a way Finger Picking, using syncopated melody, treble strings for commonly used excerpts 4 fingers. This style of blues musicians, among others, John Jackson
- Jump blues, usually played in small groups. Popular in the 1940's. Played in Up Tempo (fast tempo), typically using a wind instrument as an additional musical instruments, wind instruments kinds of HORN.
- Chicago blues, blues playing style that developed in Chicago, Illinois. Using musical instruments acoustic guitar, harmonica. Chicago blues was born from the elements of the Delta Blues. Chicago style blues musicians, among others, Willie Dixons, Muddy Water, KokoTaylor.
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| Charlie Patton, delta blues |
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| John Jackson, piedmont blues |
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| Willie Dixon, Chicago blues |
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| George Colman |
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| Hart Wand, Dallas blues |
E. Shape-bar blues.
During the first decades of the late 20th century, blues music was not clearly defined in terms of chords. The use of games in the 12 bar blues in use by Bessie Smith, and used throughout the music industry during the 1920s and 1930s. Other chord shape, such as the 8 bar chord shapes, they are often used in blues music game. Such as "How long blues" Trouble in Mind ", and Big Bill Broonzy played in the" Key to the Highway ". There is also a blues played in 16 bars, as played instrumentally by Ray Charles "Sweet 16 bar" and Harbie Hancock in "Watermelon Man". Numbers game blues in odd time signatures are also available, such as a game in nine bar blues, by Howlin Wolf "Sitting on Top of the World"
The basic composition of 12 bar reflects a progressive development of harmony standard 12 bar in a 4/4 tempo. There is also a game of blues compositions that called Harmonic Seventh (7th chord harmony interval), which is more popularly called "Blues Seven".
F. Blues song lyrics.
Blues song lyrics was originally a traditional version of blues comprising a single line that is repeated up to 4 times, it was only in the early decades of the 20th century's. A general standard blues lyrics that moment, the standard pattern is often called AAB pattern, always sung in four lines of the first bar, and will return repeatedly sung again after four bars later, as the cover is a line at the bar or bars final. Two of the first published song, "Dallas Blues" in 1912 and "St. Louis Blues "in 1914, comprising 12 bar with AAB structure. WC Handy wrote songs such style bars to avoid repeating three times that feels monotonous. Line of a song often sung with such pattern rhythmic speaking style (rhythmic talk) than in the form of a tone (melody). Blues songs were often initially begins with a narrative that describes grief misery blacks life filled with hard and cruel life, such as: loss of love, police brutality, oppression by white orangkulit and hard times dikheidupan them. Melancholy tone to affect the Igbo masarakat sings blues songs, as well as the character of their blues music. The depiction of the plight of the Igbo (tribal blacks who came from the area of Nigeria) is currently employed as slaves on American plantations.
Lyrics written blues songs often relate to matters that are not wearing masarakat life among American blacks. For example, Blind Lemon Jefferson song titled "Rising High Water Blues" in 1927, which tells of the sufferings of the negro on a major flood (backwater rising) outstanding from the Mississippi River in 1927.
"Backwater rising, southern people can not make no time
I said, Backwater rising, southern people can not make no time
And I can.t get no hearing from that Memphis girl of mine "
Although characteristic blues song that always tells the story of misery and oppression, there is also a blues song lyrics are humorous and vulgar. As the lyrics to "Rebecca" Big Joe's Turne taken.
"Rebecca, Rebecca, get your big legs off of me
Rebecca, Rebecca, get your big legs off of me
It may be sending you baby, but it's worrying the hell out me "
Post-war, the lyrics of blues songs tend to be simpler and more focused on communicating the concerns of sex and suffering. Besides the theme, the theme of the lyrics are written are many problems that often arise after the war, such as agriculture, economics, gambling, demons, magic, floods and other themes common theme that occurred after the war
No blues song lyrics that smells of religion, of course, more in the teachings of Christianity. Author Ed Morales clicking claim that the influence of the Yoruba mythology also affect the breath of the blues at the start of the music began to be introduced. It can be seen in the lyrics of the song "Cross Road Blues" by Robert Johnson. But the Christian influence is much clearer. Blues artists such as Charley Patton or Skip James had several blues songs whose lyrics smelled religion. Another blues songwriter whose lyrics tend to be religious or spiritual smell is Gary Davis (pastor), Blind Willie Johnson.
The issue of the Vietnam war and racism was echoed in the lyrics of blues songs. Blues songs also speak out on human rights, freedom of opinion and speech, by the American blues artist. Recording blues song with the lyrics issue of the Vietnam war and racism initially only marketed in the territory of Europe.
G. Blues developments.
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| John Mayall, performance th. 2004. |
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| John Mayall & the Bluesbreaker. |
In the early 1970s, the Texas rock blues style emerged, which used a guitar solo or together. In sharp contrast to the West side style blues, Texas blues rock heavily influenced by the blues rock style movement in England. Artists who play Texas style blues rock, among others, Johnny Winter, Stevie Ray Vaughan, The Fabulous Thunderbirds, and ZZ Hill. The artists musical journey began in 1970, but they did not achieve international success until the next decade.
Decade of 1980s African-Americans began to play blues again, this is the era of the rise of interest in the blues by an African-American people again, after so long to blues music while sleeping. Awakening blues mainly occurred around Jackson, Mississippi and parts of the southern regions. It was followed by the success of recordings by Malaco label, blues recording by Jackson style, the style of the blues is often also called "soul blues" or "Southern soul (soul force south)". It has given a new life to the heart of the movement of the blues in the Jackson, Mississippi and southern regions inside. Two successful recording is ZZ Hill with "Down Home Blues" (1982) and Milton Littlel with "The blues is alright" (1984). Artists African-American blues artist more blood to revive the blues include Bobby Rush, Denise LaSalle, Sir Charles Jones, Bettye La Vette, Marvin Sease and Peggy Scott-Adams.
During the decade of the 1980s blues continued to improve, both traditional blues styles and forms a new blues. An album "Strong Persuader" by Robert Cray, because the album, making blues artist Robert Cray become major. 1983 Stevie Ray Vaughan released "Texas Flood", with basic guitar Texas, and exploded in the international music world. In 1989, a resurrection of John Lee Hooker with his album "The Healer". Eric Clapton is known for his performances with the Blues Breakers and Cream, in 1990 back in the blues music scene with his Unplugged album. He played several blues standards with an acoustic guitar.
Although in 1990 had a lot of studio recording system using a digital multi-track, and the advancement of technologi more in the world of recording, as well as with the video clip of the music being marketed, but the blues is a style of music games spontaneity and improvisation, which is an important component in the game blues , Blues music can not be categorized as pop music can be tricked by a sophisticated digital recording techniques. Ability games spontaneous blues and improvisation is characteristic, and the spirit of the blues. So if we listen to blues music game that is played by African-American musicians (black) with the musicians Caucasians, it would be completely different. Breath of blues music is the breath of life of a black man with all his old stories. Medium style of play blues whites, if we hear tend not nge-blues, but nge-pop. Listen to Eric Clapton, though her singing style blues tone, but still felt a pop (if not arguably the inclined whiny). Because he may not like the blues music animates black (Negro) animates the blues. For black people, the blues is their life history, living history negroes from bitter blues were born with all the inspiration.
1980s and 1990s, is crowded-crowded publications blues music, such as album Living Blues and Blues Revue, distributed all big cities, people started forming communities blues, performing blues music began much done outside the building (out door blues festival ), presented in the general population. Blues night clubs started popping city of big cities.
In the 1990s, exploration of various genres of blues music continues to grow. The development of the blues musicians performed, it can be seen its development, as happened in blues music nominations annual (yearly Blues Music Awards), which was originally named WC Handy Awards, or at the Grammy Awards for Best Contemporary and Traditional Blues Album.
Billboard Blues Albums chart always monitor the progress of blues and gives an overview on the current blues music production. Contemporary blues released by the label label products such as blues, Alligator Records, Ruf Records, Chess Records (MCA), Delmark Records, Northem Blues Records and Vanguard Records (Artemis Records).
Some record labels became famous because they rediscovered the master of blues music recording time - step, record and release it back like, Arhoolie Records, Smithsonian Folkways Recording (heir of Folkways Recods) and Yazoo Records (Shanachie Records)
H. The impact on the development of blues music genre music era then.
Before the World War 2 the boundaries between blues and jazz are less clear. When it generally has the structure of jazz harmony of shape Brass band (band who use a lot woodwind instrument), currently has a shape 12 bar blues. But in the 1940's saw a genre mixture of both forms.
After World War 2, in substance blues influence the shape of jazz. Bebop music classics, such as works of Charlie Parker's "Now's the Time", used the blues form with the pentatonic scale and notation blues. Bebop marks a major change in the role of jazz, from pop music styles to dance to the music art direction (high Art).
Audience (audience) blues and jazz, and the border between blues and jazz became more visible uncertain. Musicians who play the border between jazz and blues are categorized as a form of jazz blues, is a sub genre of blues and jazz ..
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| Louis Armstrong |
The scale of the blues is often used in pop songs like Harold Arlen in "Blues night", blues ballads like "Since I fell for you" and "Please Send Me Someone to Love", and even in the form of a piece of music orchestras such as George Gershwin in "Rhapsody in Blue" and "Concerto in F". Gershwin second work titled "Prelude" for solo piano is an interesting example of the kind of classic blues, maintaining the form of music with a strictly academic.
Blues scale spread everywhere in modern pop music and informs many frames capital, especially in the composition notation stairs to three (Ladder of thirds) used in rock music (eg in "A Hard day's night")
Blues music is also widely used in music theme and the theme song of television films, such as Batman, teen idol Fabian's hit "Turn Me Loose", country music star Jimmie Rodgers, guitarist-vocalist Tracy Chapman in the hit "Give Me One Reason".
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| Isaac Watts, a pastor, author. |
Early country musicians such as blues era, Skip James, Charley Patton, Georgia Tom Dorsey played a country and urban blues, also has influenced the shape of spiritual singing. Dorsey popularize Gospel music (Gospel, hymns usually sung in the Church, but are currently circulating the recording of Gospel music in public, for example, to the era of the 21st century by singer Josh Groban in "My Confession"), which developed in the 1930s, along with the Golden Gate Quartet.
Forms of soul music in the 1950s played by Sam Cooke, Ray Charles and James Brown, banayka influenced by elements of blues and gospel elements. 1960s and 1970s gospel and blues together in the form of music Soul Blues. The birth of Funk music in the 1970s was influenced by soul music. Funk music can be regarded as a forerunner of the birth of hip-hop and R & B contemporary
12 bar blues structure and scale of blues influence rock and roll music. Rock and roll called the blues with a backbeat; Carl Perkins called the rockabilly "blues with a country beat". Rockabilly is also called a 12 bar blues, played with a bluegrass beat.
The song "Hound Dog", with the structure of 12 bar without modification (both harmony and lyrics), the central melody in the third flat tonic (and the flat subdominan to seven), is a blues song that turns into rock and roll.
Rock n roll style of Jerry Lewis and derivatives strongly influenced blues, boogie woogie. The music style is not really a rockabilly Jerry Lewis, but more often called real rock and roll (at this label he collaborated with several musicians rock n roll African-American).
Early birth of country music, blues music many contributed the birth of the music. Jimmie Rodger, Moon Muliican, Bob Wills, Bill Monroe and Hank Williams, describing themselves as blues singers, with shades of blues music, very different from the pop contry, as sung by Eddy Arnold. Most of the 1970's era, country musician "borrowed without permission" (more precisely cheating or plagiarism) of the work - the work of blues, such as Willie Nelson and Waylon Jenning
When Jerry Lee Lewis returned to the country music, after he rejected the style of rock 'n' roll in 1950's, she sang country songs with shades of blues (blues feel), and he often included blues standards in her albums. Songs country song was originally written by the structure of the blues: "That's All Right Mama", "Johnny B. Goode", "Blue Suede Shoes", "Whole Lotta Shankin 'Going On", "Shake, Rattle and Roll" and "Long Tall Sally ".
Initially, the rock musicians African Americans maintain the theme of sex and satire of blues, such as: "Got a gal named Sue knows just what to do" lyrics in the song "Tutti Frutti" by Little Richard, or "She the girl with the red dress on , She can do the Birdland all night long "lyrics in the song" What I say "by Ray Charles.
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| Bob Dylan, in March 1963, at Washington. |
In 2003, Martin Scorsese (American film director) to promote blues music to a broader public. He asked several famous directors such as Clint Easwood and Wim Wender to participate in a series of documentary PBS (Public Broadcasting Service) called The Blues. He also re-record a compilation album of the renowned blues artists on the CD are of high quality. One charger recycling record, a blues guitarist also sorang blues vocalist Keb 'Mo' in the song "America the Beautiful" in 2006, to close the end of the session titled television series The West Wing.
I. The views Scientists Against Blues and Islam
On the other hand, some scientists have blues music perception towards Islam. Sylviane Diouf, a writer and a scientist and researcher at the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in New York says blues music is rooted in the traditions of Islam. According to historians about 30% of the west African slaves forcibly employed in the United States are Muslims. To prove the relationship between American blues music with Muslim tradition, Diouf play two recordings in public are present in a room at Harvard University, namely:
1. Recordings which contain rebound azan / calls for Muslims to pray
2. Recordings that contain legacy Blues song, which first appeared in the Mississippi Delta about 100 years ago, known as the Levee Camp Holler.
Levee Camp Holler is not a blues song that is fairly normal. The song was created by a black Muslim West African origin who worked in the post-Civil War America. Levee construction began in the 19th century in the United States on the Mississippi River. In the 1920s and '30s American government contractor carries workers - black workers into the camps to build the dikes higher and higher. levee is a wild camp where the only law is the boss of the owner of the construction. Murder and other criminal acts are common in the camp. In this camp where the workers - black workers continue in the exploitation, but for labor - black workers was no longer a better job of it at that age. Levee Camp Holler lyrics of the song that is played Diouf sounded like a call to prayer calls and shows the greatness of God. As well as chanting the call to prayer, a song that emphasizes words that sound vibrates. According to Diouf, the nasal style between songs Blues Levee Camp Holler similar to the adhan is also an evidence of the relationship between the two.
Specifically Prof Kubik writes a book about blues music relations with the Islamic civilization in West Africa entitled "Africa and the Blues," published University Press of Mississippi in 1999. Academically Prof Kubik has proved most vocal style blues singers using melisma, wavy intonation, style vocal as it is a relic of the people in west Africa have been in contact with the Islamic world since the 7th century and to 8 M. melisma using many tones in one syllable.
While the wavy intonation is a series of major to minor scale and back again, it is most commonly used when the Muslim call to prayer and reading the Koran. Chanting the call to prayer and the verses of the Koran from the black Muslims in America contains musicality. In a congregation in New Jersey, when they assembled and the priest came, there were hundreds of pilgrims chant which sounded very musical as the Americans call it "Blues". That tradition of Islam in America has spawned a stream of music called Blues.
J. Conclusion
Blues music is a music that is born out of a form of expression community of African people in America who have a strong relationship with things spiritual, Field Holler and Shout and Chants in around the late 19th century As it was said by Willie Dixon, "Blues is a the roots of a tree, and music - the other is his "blues music has a great influence on American popular music and Western new ones, as can be seen in the flow of ragtime, jazz," blues rock "," electric blues ", bluegrass, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, hip-hop, and country, "reggae", as well as conventional rock music which is the basic development of blues music. Blues music is also the basis of the development of music - popular today, especially in parts of America, the birthplace of blues music itself.
K. Cover
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